                          . , . 
                      
                      ⢨  業 


     30  1908   㭣᪮ ⠩ ண६ ஬ ᨫ  .
⭠     뢠  諠  ࢠ  ᯥ.  ,
 ᭮: 㯠 ᪨ ⥮,   .       㭣᪮
⠩ 뢠  ᯥ樨.       襩    
᪫騥 ⥧. "ࢠ ⥮  ⨢⢠", -  
. ", - ࠦ 㣨, -  뫠 ﭠ ".
     "        㣮,  -    .  -  ਫ⥫  ᨠ᪨
ࠡ...   ᠤ 砩 ந諠 ".
     ६      ६      ᥭ樮    ᮮ饭,    类
⢥ত騥    ⥧. ⮬  ,      ᥭ樨,
ᮡ⢥,   ᭮.    ࠧࠥ      ᨫ,
  ⠩  饩, 祬 "-"  㭣᪮ ⠩.  ,
⮫쪮 筠 졠 ⫠⨤   ⠢       ⨬
"-뢮".
       ᮢ訫  ⢨    ""    -  ᪢  ᫮,
ᮧ  祬 㢥  ᯮ஬.      ᬮ५  ,  
ᠭ  㭣᪮ ,  ⠫ ⢥    ;  祬
      ⠩ "㭣᪮ "?
     ᫨ ᫥  ।⠢   த  㭣᪮  뢠,
 ,   । ⥧  । ୮.
     ⥧  1 﫠  ⮬,  㯠 ᪨  ⥮.    
 뢠   ஭.  ⥬    ⮫  ᪮
⥮   易⥫쭮   ࠧ ᠫ  .
ਬ, ਧ᪨ , 訩    ⥮    50  
  ,  ४᭮  ࠭      .    ஬  ஭
஬    㡨  200 ஢. 騩    ᪮,
ᮡ࠭  ࠩ ਧ᪮ , ॢ蠥 30 ⮭. 祣  
 㭣᪮ ⠩ !
     ⥧  2, ਧ ᭨ ⢨ , ⢥ত,  
㭣᪮ ⥫ 﫮   ᪮쪨  ,  祬    론  㯠
⤥쭮.    ⠪ ⥧    ਭ樯    뫠  ⨬.
 ᫥ ᯥ樨 1958   ⠫  ᭮,        뢠  
⥮  .    ⢥न    쭥訥  ᯥ樨,   ⥫쭮
᫥訥  ࠩ .
     ⥧  3,   ᫥ , ਫ 㦥    론,    
"⥮⭮ ",    ⮪, 饬   "誮".
      ⮣      뢠    뫠    ""  
᪮  ⢮  ஭,  ,  ਬ,    稫  
᪨ ⥮ .  㭣᪮  ⠩ ४ ⥧  
3  뫮 㦥   ᬨ᪮ "誠".
     ⥧   4      稫  ⠨⢥  㭣᪮  ⥫.
᭮ ⮩ ⥧  ந襫  १     
ᬨ᪮ 뫨.
       ᪠,    ஭᪨     ⥧      
६.  "묨"  ⠭  ।        ⠪
浪,   ᫥ .
       ⥧  -    蠣,  ᤥ        ࠢ.
 䠪⮢ ⠢﫮   㤠 ,         ஭:
᪮ 㭣᪮ ⥫ ஡      .  砫
  ᪨  ⥮.   ⥬   ᪮쪮   ⥮   .   ⥬
⥮ ࠤ. , "ࠤ" ॢ⨫  .
      ࠧ  ⮫쪮 砫쭠 ⥮⭠  ⥧,      
ਠ - ⥧ ⭠.
     ࢠ  諠  "ᬨ᪮ ᡥࣥ", 饬  줠    ⢥
.  ⠪ "ᡥ"    ⥫쭮  ⢮  ⢥
ᠤ.    ᬥ   ⥧  室  㣠:    뫠  
ﭠ,  ᭥,  ,  魮, 﫠  뫨 -  ⮫쪮  ᭥
뫨.
         ᪨    㭣᪮   ⥫,   ⥬   
᭨ ⢨    ᠤ    ࠩ  뢠.    祭
 㤭 ᭥ ᠬ 뢠: 嫮 ⥫  뫮    
 .  ⥬  1908   ,  ।祭.  
⨢稥  ⠭ 쭥襥 "⥧ࠧ".
       ⥧  "ࠧ஡"  ⥮     ,         
ᬥ襣  ,    ண       ࠧࠬ      ⤥
㫠. , ⥧  5   ⠪:   ⮪  (  㦥
 ᪠ "") ⮬    . ᫨  ᤥ  
 蠣,  ਤ  ⥧  6:  맢 ⮪  ⮭,    
ᢥ⮢ 箬.   ᫥, 騩 蠣, ⮬  祭  
⮭ ਢ  ⠪ 栬,  㦥 ⮫쪮   ,  
 .
      . ᪨   ᢮  "ᥫ,  ,  ":
"묨,  ⨫ "쥧    ਬ  ஢
  ᬨ᪮  裡,  뫨,   ਪ᪨   祭      (
ᯥ樠  ࠤ஭)  .   ࠡ        
५᪨ ஢ ୠ ""  1961 .".
      ⠥  饯ਧ,    ⮢-᪨  
()  ᯮᮡ  뫠      ﭨ,   塞   ⪠
ᢥ⮢ .
     १砩 ,  ᮢ६ ஢  ࠧ  ୮  孨
  ஥஢  ᬨ          ﭨ.
⮬ ᮨਬ  뫠  ࠧ 讣  ᬮ  ᪨
, 祬  ࠡ.   稨 ⠪ ࠡ  ᫥
 ࠢ   ।⥫쭮  祢  ࠧ    祢  ⪨
""  ᬨ᪮ 뫨.
        祢  ⢥ठ  ୮:  묨  
㦨 ⠬ ਫ  ࠡ,  .  ,  ਬ,    
뫠 ⢫ ࠭,  祬  ਫ㭨  ࠪ,  ⠢  ᮢ᪨
묯.  ࠤ஢  㦥  "뢠"    ᥤ    ᮫筮
⥬ -   .   1962  ⢫ ࢠ    
ᢥ⮢ 窮 .
        㢥७   ᪠,            ५⠬   㤥
।⢮ 祢 ࠧ.          
ࠡ.    ⥮ਨ     ८  㤭⥩.      
६  -   ᥣ ᪮쪮     த!  -    ᮧ
⥬ ᪮ 裡    ﭨ.  ⠭  ஢  
⥫᪮        ᨣ    樢権  
ࠤ ᪮쪨 ⪮ ᢥ⮢  :  "...㦥    饥  ६  
᭮ ᪨ ⮢ ᨫ⥫    ᮧ  ⥬    ਥ
ଠ樨,   뫠  ᢥ⮢   ࠧ㬭  ⢠,
ᥫ騥 㣨 [. [, . , .  द,  ᪨
⮢ , 1962, . 61. ].
     ਬ, ⥬,          ஢,    
 ᭠    ⥫᪮,      ᪨
ᨣ  ᪮쪨 ⪮    .
     ᫨                       "ᨣ묨
樢ﬨ",      ஭      ࠧ  뫠  ᢥ⮢   
"맮".    ࠧ ⭮⥫쭮 ப   ન  ;
⮣  㤥  (ᠬ, ﬨ) 室  । ⮣  ,
 "맮"  ᪠  ᯥணࠬ . 誨  ("窨   ")
 ਭ,   ⥭ᨢ       ᯥ.
᫨  㦥  , ᢥ⮢ ⭮ ᪮짭  孮 .    ⮬
砥  ᨣ  㤠    㦥  ,        祭
⪮ ६ ⥫ ,      ઠ  [
,  ᪮  ᢥ⮢       祣  饣  
᪮  ᢥ,  ࠢ  300  砬  /ᥪ.   ।⠢   ᥡ,   
⮬  ᥪ    ᢥ    ଠ  䮭,    ন
騩  ண 祫. 祢,  ᪮ ᢥ,   ன  ᢥ⮢
⭮  ன      ⮬,        ᪮   
⮬ ⭮⥫쭮 ], 祬      ६  襫  ᢥ⮢
⮫ ( ᢥ⮢ ⭮). , ᫨    祭  㧪    ,  
"ࠧ廊"      ⬮.      㤥      "ᢥ⥫쭮",    
"ࣥ᪮".   ⠪   ᮨਬ        
᫮ ⬮.   , 祬   .
     ࣨ ᮪⥬୮   । ᮯਪ饬  
箬 .   ।⢥  ਢ    ,    맮
ࠧ ᪠ ,  ⮩     ஢
   . ⥫ 㢨 ⨭, 宦  ,    뫮
 뢥 㭣᪮ ⥫. ᮪    "",    㤥
 ਡ   ⥫쭮    孮  .  ଠ  ""
  㣫  쭮.
      ⫨稥   ⠪ "祢 "        ન
,   뢥  ⥫쭠    饩  ࣨ  뤥    
祭.   뢠 ⥫ 㢨  ᢥ⮢  ⮫,  室騩  
孨 ᫮ ⬮.
     ⢥  ஢  ,  ᮧ   ᮢ襭묨   ࠬ,
ࠢ⥫쭮 ,  㦥             
ࣨ,  ࣨ 30    ⨫  [ୠ  "㪠    孨"
1963,  1, . 40.].    100  ᨫ  뢠  -  ⮫쪮    
㢥祭 ꥬ -     ࠧ.    㢥祭  ꥬ  १
蠥  業 ࣨ. ⮬    ஬  50-200
  ࢠ  ࣨ 浪  ᪮쪨  ⮭  (⠪  -  
ᥬ ᫥ - ࣨ 㭣᪮ 뢠).
        ࠭    ⠫  ࠧ  堭  뢠    
᮪⥬୮   ⬮ன .    类  砥,  ,  
 祢 30  1908 , ᮢᥬ  宦     筮
⥮  ,  ,  אַ  ⠫    뢮    ⮫   
" 箬". ਬ,   -᪮ ⥮    
⠫ 祭  뫥 ᫥,       祭  ᪮쪨
ᮢ [ .  .  ਭ,  ᭮  ⥮⨪.  㤠⢥  ⥫⢮
孨-⥮᪮ , 1955, . 106. ]. ⥮   믠  
  ᪮, ⮬ 㭣᪮ ⥫,       
 뫥   (  - "ᬥ"  줠    뫨),
 뫮 ⠢     ⥫쭮  訩  뫥  ᫥.    ᫥
㭣᪮ ⥫,   ᢨ⥫  饥  設⢮  祢楢,
 ᮢᥬ !     祢楢: "...   
  ﭨ  㣫  ,  ࠧࠬ      ...  
ﭨ ⠢    㡮⮩    ᫥".  [.    :  .
ᨫ쥢  .,  ᫥ 㭣᪮ . , 1960, . 8. ]
        ,  ᫥ ⮣,   襫  ,    "᫥",
ࠧ㥬  ⪥   ᨫ 饩 襬 ७ 樨.
     ᪠    ""  ᠫ  2    1908  :  "   ᥫ
५᪮  ﭥ  㢨    ᥢ-   쭮   ᮪   
ਧ⮬ - १砩 ᨫ쭮  (  뫮  ᬮ)  ᢥ饥
-㡮 ᢥ⮬ ⥫, 襥  祭 10    ᢥ  .
 ।⠢﫮      "",  .  .  樫᪨..."  
 - 饥 ⥫ "।⠢﫮   ""!
     ⭮,   ⪨ ஢    뢠      ⮫
᪠ ,      20  .  ᫨    맢
⮩, ⥮⮬  ⨢⢠   䮩  ᬨ᪮  ࠡ,
  祬    ࠢ  ?!  祬          ⮫
௥୮  孮,     ஭?
     ,  , ந襫    5  .  ,    
, 㤠ਢ   ஭, 릥 㡮    뢠.   ⮣
!
           ,  ᫨  "㯠"   .      "祢   "
ᮮ⢥  ⮬  ,      (᫨     뢥),   ਭ
⨪쭮  ⭮襭      孮  ,  ஭  
 㡨,   (᫨  뢥),       室
। .
                  
⮫, 饣   ࠧ० ᫮ ⬮    1525  .
⢨       뫮 ᬨ᪨ ᠤ  (  ⮬  ᫥
᫥ 襭  ࠤ⨢    ᫮    १  1908  )  
⢥  祢 ⥧.
     , 騩  -  ଠ,    猪  뢨.  
   ᫮  "  १",      業ࠫ  祢
   㦥 ப 窮  ᫠  祩,  ।०
 ਡ 㧪 "" .      ᭨  ᪨
   ᫥ 뢠 (ᢥ祭      뢠      祭
  ᫥ 뢠).
     ᪨  ࠭ אַ.
     ,  । (  ਡ)  -  㤠  襫  .
뢠     뢠,    㦥  㯮,  ࠤ    ᫠
᪨. ⥫,  室騥          뢠,  
ࠢ      ⮫.  ,          ࠢ,
..
     "祢 " 襫  . ⥫,   ⤠    
뢠, २⢥     "",      ⤠  뢠
㭣᪮ ⥫,  "㣫". ⮬    ,      -  
 뢠 -  ᪮쪮 ⪫    . ᫨ ⠪   
묨 ᫮ﬨ ⬮   ࠧ稬      "㣫"  ,
    窥  뢠    (    宦       ,
맢襣 )    ਧ  㣫 浪 70-75  ࠤᮢ
[襥 ⪫  ⨪, 祬   15-20  ࠤᮢ,  㤭  뫮  
.   襬 ⪫         ࠤ  뢠
. ].
       뢠 ⭠ - 60 ࠤᮢ.
        ᫠ ⮫쪮  ,  饩  ᪫    40-45
ࠤᮢ.    ⮩    ᮣ᭮  祢  ⥧      
筮   ᮫筮 ⥬ , ᯥ⨢     
 .
           ਭ樯 ਣ  .  ,  
ࠤ 15 ᢥ⮢   ᥬ     ᢥ⨬    ६  ,
   室  訬 楬.  ᮪  "⮢"  㬥蠥,
᫨ ,  "ᨣ쭮"   ⮫쪮     (ࠢ⥫쭮
 )  樢.    ஢塞      室  "  ᥬ
⥫" .
       61-  ᮧ ,  ᪫ 38  ࠤᮢ  15
.  ﭨ        -   11,1   梥⮢   .   訬
⢥ত 祢 ⥧  㦥 ,        ⮫쪮
  ᠬ   ,      ஢塞 .
       ஢塞  ᮮ⢥⢨  ⥧    뢠
   ᠬ ᯥ⨢   ᮪ࠧ⮩ ! 61-  
( ⮨   " ૨") ⥫쭮  .
      61-   .      ᨫ쭥訥  ⥫᪮,
  ⥬᪨    稥    ᮢ襭  筮.     
᫨  襩  .
     ࠢ, 61-   -    .      ६  
஭ ⠫,   ⠪        ⮩稢  
ࡨ.  .        訡.  ஭     -㠭
,  "...  ਭ樯    筮  㤠      㣠
  ⥬,      㣮  ࡨ,  
稥 ⠥ " [. . ᪨, ᥫ, ,  ,  1962,
. 99-100. ].
      61-   - 訥 ᥤ.    ᫠     㣮
⭮ ⥬, ਭ饩 㣮,     .    ०
ᥣ "७"   61- .
     祬  㭣᪨  ᨣ    ਭ    1908  ?     뫮   
,   ᫠, ᨣ ""  "᫥"?  祬  ᨣ  1908
  뢭 ࠪ?
     ஡㥬 ⢥   "祬".  ⮣  ਤ  㯨  
, ஬  筮 㪮  筮 䠭⨪.
      ᪠,  ஭      室  ࣠  
      뤢  ࠭騥    䠭⨪   ⥧.   ,
ਬ,     .  ᪮    ⢥  ந宦
⭨   ⥧ ᮭ, ᮣ᭮ ன   ।  ⠯
ࠧ   樢樨  ࠧ㬭  ⢠  ᮧ  ஢  
 業ࠫ쭮 ᢥ⨫.  ᯮ ⠪ ਣ ⥧  X.
           -㡪૨.      
ਬ:  V ꥧ 㭠த ஭᪮  䥤樨    
૮  ୠ   뤢㫨  ஥  "⮮ࠧ"  ᬨ᪮
ࠡ  ,       1956      २-
  ࠡ.
     ஭ ᬨ᪮ ,  쭨 , ᫨  ⥧,
ॢ室騬  ᬥ ᠬ 䠭᪨ ஬.
      ਡ    1908 . ,  ⠢ ࠢ  
    ⮣. ⢥ ᭥      ⮬,
  22,2   㭣᪮ 뢠   ந諮   ⠪,  
  ᬨ᪮, ᨣ.  ⢥     ᨣ      ࠢ
, 襤訩 30  1908 .
     ⭮,   22,2  -    ப  ⥮᪨    .  ⮡
⢥    "㯠"  ,    㦭  ஥  ६  ""   
⭮  .    "뢠"  ,  筮,     ᮢᥬ
᫥:     । " ",    ன  
室 ⠥ .  ⭮,  襣  " "  -
㧪 㣮   ࡨ     ࡨ  .      ""
箬   ।    "  "    ""  .  ⮬
 ப  22,2   㢥  ᪮쪮 .
     ⠪,  ந諮      23-25      㭣᪮  뢠  ,
饥 ࠪ ᬨ᪮ ᨣ?
     27  1883  ࢠ  㫪  ࠪ,    뫮,  ,
ᠬ ࠭  㫪᪮        祫⢠.  뢠
⠪  ᨫ    ,  ⭮,    뫮    ६    ᪮
⫠⨤.  ⥬ থ ᪠    易⥫쭮    -  
१ ⢨  ன - ࠤ祭.
       থ  㫪      ᥩ   稥   筮
ࠤ祭  .
      뢥 ࠪ  ᬨ᪮ ࠭⢮   "ࠢ"  
ࠤ ( - ᢥ⮢ ), ਭ    61-    11,1
   "ᨣ 맮".
     ᫨  61-    㦥    뫠  ᨣ    ஭  ,
"ᨣ 1883 "     ⢥.    ᮡ  ᫨  
1883  1882    ਡ । ᨣ  61- .
       ࠧ,  祢  ⥧    ᫥   -      
।⥫ - ⨭.
        ⭮   ⥬   61-          ᮪ࠧ
樢.  樢  뫠 ᪨ ᨣ  (୮
⨯)  ஭ .   ⠪ ᨣ, , ਡ   1882  (
1883) .  㫪 ࠪ   1883        ࠤ,
    ⮫    61-      ⢥  ᨣ  
ᨣ   ⠪     ᥭ᪠    1882  ,
ࢠ    宦      [  .  .  .      .,
஭.  篥,  1958,  .  264.  ].    裡    ⨬   ࠧ㬭묨
⢠    ⥬  61-    뫠   ।ਭ   ⪠   筥
।  "",  ᫥騩  ( ⨫    30
 1908 )  ⥫쭮  魮, , ,  
᪮ 樨.
     ० ᥣ    ભ,        쭨  ﭨ
楫ᮮࠧ      ࠤ஢,      ࠧ  ᪨
।⢠: "室  ᨣ  ᪮  ⮢    
 ஢ ᢥ⮢ 窮,  ⮬  ᪨    
ਭ 筮 ᨫ  ࠦ  ᨣ    ⮬  砥,    楫
室  ﭨ,     ࠤ  ⢨  ࠤ஢"
[. , . ,  .  졥द,  ᪨  ⮢  ,
1962, . 68. ].
      㣮 : ਡ뢠      1882  -  1883      
᪨ ᨣ  ᬮ?
      楯  㦤   ⢥ ந쭮  饭.
஬ ⮣,    쭥襩 ஢થ 祢 ⥧.
         ࠧ 뢠   ᮮ⢥⢨  ⥧.
      1882   뫮  ॣ஢  ᪮  ,  ࠧ⥫쭮
饥  㭣᪮ ⥮. 쪮    ࠧ  ᨣ  
 業஢.
     ⭠  ⠫.          "ᨣ   1882   "
뢠 "࠭  襫".  ࢠ   㭣᪮  뢥
뫠  "襫  ᭮ ࠭⢠".
     " 室  ஫᪮ ࢠਨ  ਭ, , ᪮    10
ᮢ 15   ࠧࠧ ᨫ쭠 ⭠  ,    ,  ,
,   ୮  ﭨ",  -    ஭      ᢮
.   :  "⮬,    ୮  ﭨ  㦥,  ,
砫 ,    ⮪-ᥢ-⮪,        ,  
 让  ᢥ騩 , ᫮ ⮫쪮   訩
- ਧ,  ⠫    ⠪  אַ   ࠢ୮,
  ,  㭠,      ,    ⮫쪮      ࠧ
॥. ,  砫    㣫,  뫮,  祢,  १⮬
 ᪮ ᮪饭  ࠪ,    ਡ      
⠭    ;   ᥪ ਤ,  室  
ᠬ 㭮,        ,    ⮬  祭  㤫.
஬  ⥫ ਫ ⮬,     "ᨣமࠧ  ",
  "௥",  "⥭"    "祫".  ᫨        ᮡ⨥
ந諮  ᫥饬  ⮫⨨,      ᮬ    ⮬,    
ࠢ   ਫ : ", -- 楯". ᫥ ⮣    
ᥪ ਤ,     ⠫  㬥,      祧    
ࠢ,  .    室   室    襫  
祬     祧  6 ᮢ 05 ᥪ㭤  ਭ᪮ ६.
      ௥ࠧ ⭮ ᢥ  뫮 宦      
  ⥫...      ⢥,    ⮬    ⥫
⠫,   "⥮" -   ஬, ᯫ⮬  ᫥  ⮣  ᫮,
 ।饬  -  ⥫      ⬮,    
᫥  ⢥म  ᬨ᪮  ⢠,  ஥,        ࡨ,
஭  ⬮  ...      筮  ᮧ  ⫥,  
᪮॥   ᢥ ஦, 㯨饣      ᪮饣
  孮" [. ,  " ५",  ᪢,  1962,  .
100-101. ].
     १ 11     8  楢  -  26    1  894    -  筮
᪮  ਫ.
      ਢ ᠭ,  ᤥ    ⥫:  "  
஭ ᮧ ᨮ,   㢨,  ᢮ 㬫,    
ᢥ饥 ⭮, ᯮ        ࢮ  稭  ⮣
ᮧ,  㫮 ન ᪮     ॢ⨫    ⪮
祭  ,    ண  ਡ⥫쭮      ࠧ  ॢ蠫
 ..." [. , . 107. ࠢ   ⥬,   뢠
.  ᪨  ⫥      ᬨ᪮   ୮   :
"...誠 ᢥ   㤥    ᪫⥫쭮  ઠ    -
7- 稭, . . ਬ୮  10 ࠧ , 祬   ᪫  "
(. 191].
        ᮡ 業 -   , 㤠 襫  .
,   ࠧ ஢  뢮.           窨
,   61- .      ન    ᮧ
ᨮ 饭  ࠧ  ஭ ᮧ .   ⮣,  
 ⮩ 饭  ᨮ  ᮧ   室 61-!
      ⬥,     "ᨣ"  (1882,  1894    1908  .)
 뫨     襭:  ⥫      "⮩",
"㡮⮩"  "⮩" ᪥.  1908    "ᨣ"    訩
  (""  ᪠)  ,      㧪   ᢥ⮢   窮,
室   ७ 祭 .    㣨  "ᨣ"    
"" ,    ।⠢﫨  ᮡ    業஢
. ⮬  뫨   祭 2-5 .
       "ᨣ"  ਡ⥫쭮   .
      ஬⮪  ᨣ - ਬ୮ 11-12  -  ᮢ  
⥬ ६,  祭 ண ᢥ ८ ﭨ   楬
  61-  .    ᪫祭,    ࢠ    ᨣ   ᮤন
ଠ - 㪠뢠 ﭨ,  ண ᫠ ᨣ.
      " ࠧ㬠" , 㬠 , ᪠       
    ᪠  ࠦ.     ᫥            
ᯥணࠬ.
     㦭    ᯥணࠬ        .  㦭
ᯮ짮      ᮢ६         祭   
ᯥணࠬ -    ।    61-  .    ⥭ᨢ
ᯥࠫ  ,    ࠭  ਯ뢠   ࠧ   砩
稭, ⥯   ஢  ᪨ ᨣ  
樢樨.
           ﭨ  ᫮       ᮪ࠧ
樢権.    த ⪨,   ⭨,  .
⮡      㣮, 㦭 ,  㤠    祬  .
⮬  ਫ    ࠡ  易⥫쭮    ।⢮
祢 ࠧ.   ஫ 㤠,   ࠧ㬭 .
     ⠪, ᭠砫 祢  ࠧ,  ⮬  祢  ॣ    ⮫쪮
᫥ ⮣  ᪢  .
           뫠  ।ਭ      ⪠     ᨣ
 樢権: ࠤ  ⠪  뢠  ஥  "".  
᭮ ஥      ਪ᪨  ஭  .      .
ᮭ, ᪠    "஡  裡" (1959 .).
     "᪨ ᫠ ᨣ   ப      ⭮  
㤭, -  .   . ᮭ,  -      ࠤ  
,     ⭠  ᥬ,    砥  ᥫ:  
  祭  ࠫ쭮  த  1420    (X  =  21  ).  
⨬ ।,  ⢨⥫ ਥ        
 ᤥ  ࠭  㯥  ࠧ  ࠤ஭.  ﭨ  
 㬥⮢ ⢨⥫쭮 ࠢ뢠 ⠪  ।,  ⮬
 ⠥,  ᪨ ᫥    1 420 "  [.  ,  .
ᮭ, ஡   裡.  ୨  "ᬮ".  ⥫⢮  
, 1963, . 79. ].
     1 420  -  祭 ﭭ  ᬮ த.  ⮬  
⮨ ""   .      .  ᮭ:  ࠧ㬭  ⢠,
뫠騥 ࠤᨣ,     ⮩ "⠭⭮" .
     ᥭ 1960   ஥ "" 砫  訢  ᬮ  
     21   .   ஭   ᯮ짮   27-஢   ࠤ⥫᪮
ࢠਨ ਭ  (  ࣨ).        祭
᪮쪨 楢...    १⮢.
      ।⠢,    㤠  뫠  ୮.    ᠬ  ,
祬  訢 ࠭    21 ?  ⠭⭠  
祭  ﭭ    ᬮ  த,      ᫥⥫쭮,   ⮪
ﭭ  ⢥        ex.  筮,    ᨣ,   
ਭ,    ᮧ  ࠤ,   ᥣ      ⢥
ந宦.  뫮    ""  ࠤ:      .  .
 (஧⬥稪) ਭ ᨣ, "᫠" ஧.  ࠡ  
ᮢ६ ࠤ⥫᪮, 騥  ᬨ᪨ "஧".   祬  
⢥ ᨣ  ᪠ ⠬,      ⢥  ?!  21
 -      ࠧ  ᠬ  室        ⢥
ᨣ.
     .   . ᮭ : " ⪨  ᫥  ࠢ  
᫥  . । , ᯮ    ﭨ  15
ᢥ⮢ , ᥬ  ᢥ⨬  ६ , 室  訬  楬.
     ࠢ  䮭.   ,    ਤ,  
ਤ,  ...  㣨 - ⠢, 70   61   -  
 ᪮  ᪮,    ⮬        ᨫ쭮
䮭"[ ୨ "ᬮ". ⥫⢮   ,  1963,  .  81.  ].  
ࠧ,  ஥ ᠬ    ਬ  ᢮      ६
  ᥬ.
       .      .  ᮭ   ⮤᪨   訡筠.   
᭮뢠    ⮬,      "ᨣ"      ࠩ   ᮢ襭
ன.  ࠤ஭ - ⢨⥫쭮 㪠  ,    ᥣ
   ᪮쪮   ⨫⨩.      ࠤ⥫᪮       ࢮ
஧⬥稪.
     㬠, "ᨣ쭠" 樢     ⥫쭮  
ࠧ⮩ 孨. ⮬ 室 㭪   ᪨  ஥  :
"ᨣ쭠" 樢 諥  ᨣ,  뢠        ᫠
ਡ,    ᠬ.
     諥 ⠪ ᨣ,   ᭮  ᥬ.
               ࠭  -     ⠭
⠪⮢ - ,   ஥ ७  ࠧ㬭     㣨
.  ⥬ 祣    㦨 ࠧ㬭 ⢠,  ࠭  
ᮢ襭 筮  ᪠  ⮫쪮    -    ᨣ    
.  譥 ,  ࠧ ,   ஥  ⥫  㦨  ࠧ㬭
    ⮢ .    ,    ᢥ  
.
         ⮬ ஭ X. : "  㣨 ࣠  
        ⢥   ⥬      ।⢮      
⢮,     ᫥  ᮢ    ᥫ...  ᫨  
,    祩 ,  ᫥⥫쭮,    㡮  ,
祬  (, ਬ,   ᮧ ਮ),    -
稥 ,    ,  ⭮,    ⢨⥫    ᢥ  
㡮  ᯥ, 祬 ,   ,       宫,
.  .        (⠪,      ⥫죥),      
⢨⥫    ᭮⮬  ᢥ.  筮,           ⠫
⮢, ⮡ ᮮ⢥⢮ ⢨⥫쭮 襣  !  ,
 ७ 﫮 ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡ ਭ   ⥭ᨢ
祭 襩 " [ X. ,   . ⥫⢮  ࠭
, 1962, . 143. ]
     㬭 ⢠    ᠬ묨  ࠧ묨,        ᢮
᮫;  ⮣         樨      ⠫  
ࠧ㬭묨 ⢠.
     ,  뫠 ᨣ  ஭ ᮫筮 ⥬, 祣    
 ,      ,      孨.  ⢥,      ⭮:
⥫ ᮫筮 ⥬   ᮫  ᢥ.  ⮬  ᫠
᪮॥ ᥣ    ࠤ      ,      ᢥ⮢  ,  祬
ᮮ⢥騥  "᪥" ᮫筮 ᢥ.
     .   . ᮭ  ᬠਢ  , ᪮  
1959   孨      ᯮᮡ  ᪮  ᨣ樨  
 ﭨ.  ⠪ ᯮᮡ !
     筮, "஦"  ⮦  ᮢ襭. ᫨  
ࣨ,  室    ᨣ樨,  ᪠,    61-   ,   
ࠪ⨪  ᮢ६  ஢,    ᫨誮   让   室
ࣨ.  ,  塞,        蠣.         
室騩 ᢥ⮢ ,  㣮  宦  ୮    
㬥蠥   ᮢ襭⢮ .  १  ᪮쪮    
ᬮ । ᪨  ࠪ᪨   ࣨ.
     祢 ⥧ 砥 ⢥ত, ࠧ   ⥯  ⭮.
 ᮮࠦ  室 ᪠  祢  ᨣ      
।⠢  ᯮ묨.
     ⭮, ⠫ ६   ﭭ  㦡  ᪮  ᪨
ᨣ -       ᯥ⨢     
.
         ᪠    襩  ,        
襬  祫⢠  ᮡ⨨  -    ⠭  ⠪  
ࠧ⮩  樢樥.

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" ", http://www.rusf.ru/books/: 19.11.2003 15:15

